سفارشی‌سازی راهکارهای نرم‌افزاری؛ آیا یک راهکار برای همه سازمان‌ها مناسب است؟
ممکن است لباس‌هایی وجود داشته باشند که برای هر اندازه‌ای مناسب باشند، اما این مثال یک استثناست و برای تولید محصولات و طراحی خدمات عموماً نیازهای گروه‌های مختلف مصرف‌کننده در نظر گرفته می‌شود؛ در نتیجه یک اندازه همیشه برای همه مناسب نیست.
در مورد راهکارهای ERP نیز بر اساس همین منطق، نیازمندی‌های کسبوکارها، اندازه آن‌ها، صنعتی که در آن فعالیت می‌کنند و بسیاری عوامل دیگر در نظر گرفته می‌شوند تا بتوان راهکاری جامع طراحی و تولید کرد. همچنین ارائه بسترهای گوناگون فناوری نیز به مشتریان امکان انتخاب بهتری مطابق با شرایط را می‌دهد. با این حال نمی‌توانید راهکاری را پیدا کنید که 100% نیازهای شما را پاسخگو باشد و در چنین شرایطی نیاز به سفارشی‌سازی و خاص‌نویسی یک مسئله عادی خواهد بود.
زمانی که زمزمه‌های خرید ERP در یک سازمان شنیده می‌شود، همه واحدها دست به کار می‌شوند تا با مطرح کردن نیازمندی‌های خود، سیستمی را انتخاب کنند که بیشترین انطباق را با خواسته‌های آن‌ها داشته باشد. اما با فرض انتخاب درست راهکار ERP – راهکاری که بیشترین انطباق را با نیازمندی‌ها دارد- آیا می‌توان مطمئن بود که این پروژه به اهداف تعیین شده می‌رسد؟
پاسخ این پرسش منفی است. حتی اگر بهترین و کامل‌ترین راهکار موجود در بازار را نیز در اختیار داشته باشید، همچنان پیش از استفاده نیاز دارید تغییراتی در آن ایجاد کنید. عمدتاً دو شکل از تغییرات را می‌توانید در یک ERP اعمال کنید:
الف- تنظیمات پیکربندی یا Configuration.
تنظیم‌های اولیه مورد نیاز برای کار با سیستم که معمولاً از طریق پیکربندی انجام می‌شود؛ مثلاً تعریف واحدهای وزنی که برای نگهداری موجودی انبار از آن‌ها استفاده می‌کنید یا نوبت‌های کاری که می‌خواهید به گروه‌های نیروی انسانی تخصیص دهید.
ب- سفارشی‌سازی یا Customization.
افزودن امکانات جدید مطابق نیازهای مشتری که با تغییر در کُد اصلی برنامه حاصل می‌شود. مثلاً تغییر فرایند جذب و استخدام برای انطباق با فرایندهای موجود.
اگرچه اعمال تنظیمات برای بهتر کار کردن سیستم لازم است، اما سفارشی‌سازی جنبه‌های منفی نیز برای شما به همراه دارد. بررسی بسیاری از مطالعات موردی در زمینه استقرار راهکار ERP نشان می‌دهد یکی از عواملی که منجر به شکست شده است، سفارشی‌سازی بیش از اندازه راهکار است. مدیریت فرایند سفارشی‌سازی دشوار است و نیازمند آن است که کنترل شدیدی بر روی روند پیشرفت آن اعمال شود، ممکن است لازم باشد بیش از بودجهای که تعیین کردید، هزینه کنید و به سبب تفاوتی که در کُدنویسی ایجاد کردید، نتوانید از به‌روزرسانی‌های نرم‌افزار استفاده کنید. در صورتی که میزان زیادی از سفارشی‌سازی را بر سیستم اعمال کنید، در واقع ارزشی که در مهندسی مجدد فرایندها وجود دارد را عملاً از بین می‌برید. همواره بیش از یک راه‌حل درست برای حل یک مشکل وجود دارد اما در هر صنعت به‌روش‌هایی وجود دارد که پیش از این عملکرد مثبت خود را در حل مشکلات نشان دادند. راهکارهای ERP برای پیاده‌سازی این به‌روش‌ها طراحی شدند و اگر بخواهید با سفارشی‌سازی آن‌ها را با روش‌های قدیمی خود جایگزین کنید، بخشی از منافع استقرار ERP را از دست می‌دهید.
در نهایت می‌توان گفت به سبب آن که هیچ ERP نمی‌تواند 100% پاسخگوی نیازمندی‌های همه کسبوکارها باشد، میزانی از سفارشی‌سازی در راهکارهای نرم‌افزاری قابل قبول است. اما باید تلاش کنید سطح سفارشی‌سازی را تا حد امکان پایین نگه دارید. در درجه اول با انتخاب راهکاری که انطباق بیشتری با نیازمندی‌های سازمانی شما دارد و سپس با مستندسازی فرایندهای فعلی پیش از استقرار و به تعویق انداختن درخواست‌های سفارشی‌سازی، می‌توانید ریسک شکست پروژه استقرار را کاهش دهید.
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